Human Capital Management

My decision to pursue the 9-month Master of Science in Management Studies (MSMS) program on offer at MIT Sloan School of Management was largely influenced by Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK)’s Faculty of Business Administration invitation as one of the participating schools for this prestigious program. CUHK’s inclusion affords me the opportunity to fulfill my lifelong desire of acquiring a top-notch global business education from a world-class university.If accepted, enrolling for the MSMS program at MIT will be a kind of a homecoming. This is because of my prior sojourn to the United States for educational and vocational purposes. I had my college education at both Bentley College, Massachusetts and Washington University in St.Louis, Missouri, and I also had a professional stint at the Human Capital Practice unit of Deloitte Consulting which took me to American cities like Houston and Los Angeles.Afterwards, I had to take a diversion to the CUHK to pursue a full -time MBA program with a concentration in China Business. This was to enable me become well-grounded in modern Chinese business practices and also to catch up on developments leading to the emergence of China as the next global economic superpower.When I learnt about the CUMBA/MIT MSc in Management Studies Dual Degree Option, it turned out to be an opportunity of a lifetime. I discovered that the program will not only permit me to continue expanding on my knowledge of Chinese business but also empower me to develop a solid background on global best practices in international management.My academic interests will be focused majorly on issues bordering on work, labor, and employment relations as well as human resource management, labor market issues, and related public policies. I will like to investigate how to retain and motivate employees using incentives other than just pecuniary compensation. In addition, I will also be interested in examining key business topics like supply chai ns and corporate complianceEnrolling for the MIT Sloan MSMS program will also enable me to take advantage of MIT Sloan’s impressive research facilities and resources. Of particular interest to me is the Institute for Work & Employment Research (IWER), where I will be conducting a considerable piece of the research towards fulfilling my thesis requirements.I will be glad to tap into the institute’s over 50 years legacy of research and teaching about the changing world of work and employment and discover how I can apply the acquired know-how in the Chinese business terrain.Also worth exploring for me in greater depth is the MIT Sloan Management Review, the preeminent quarterly academic journal. I am a huge fan of this reliable source of innovative ideas for the 21st century business leader and would love the opportunity to contribute scholarly articles, or even get my Master’s thesis featured in a future edition of the journal.MIT Sloan’s intellectually eng aging student body, forward-thinking faculty, and extensive alumni network complete the list of key reasons for selecting the management school as my preferred destination for advanced degree study.I look forward to the prospect of meeting and collaborating with great minds, especially Professor Thomas Kochan, Co-director of IWER and George Maverick Bunker Professor of Management. I would be drawing a lot of inspiration from his thoughts and scholarly works on industrial relations, work and employment.ANSWER TO QUESTION NO. 2Restructuring Human Capital Management (HCM) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in China would probably be a thesis topic I would pursue. Why? Because, often times, in China, the primary focus for company managers are how to reduce overhead cost, make huge profits, and deliver the highest possible returns for shareholders.For managers that care less about long term, this narrow, profit- oriented approach to business may suffice, but only for a very short period of time. However, for companies that want to stand the test of time and survive the vagaries of modern day business, a more balanced management style is non-negotiable.Of course, most Chinese companies already have structures in place to cater to Human Capital Management, and Corporate Social Responsibility. The essence of this thesis however, is to suggest ways to reform these structures and make it a little more robust and engaging.

Military Accountability Essay

Purpose: to provide a refresher on property accountability and an awareness of Army physical security. Agenda Government Property Accountability Equipment Sensitive Items Weapons Physical Security Government Property OCIE Your personal equipment Unit/Section Equipment Tentage, Radios, Vehicles, Anything Green Vehicle BII Driver or TC responsible for Accountability Clothing Record (DA 3845 and Electronic) Used for OCIE Hand Receipt (DA 2062) Used for equipment Sensitive Items Cannot be lost Report immediately to the chain of command if missing Comsec equipment Weapons Certain Technology SINCGARS NBC Alarms, NVG’s Weapons Individuals issued arms are responsible for their security at all times. Each issued weapon will be carried on the person at all times. Weapons will not be entrusted to the custody of another person. Pistols will be secured with a lanyard. AR 190-11 Responsibility You are responsible for all US Army equipment you sign for. You can be charged for missing or damaged equipment. If you lose it, report it! A field loss can be investigated if reported immediately. You buy it on the showdown. Physical Security (Defined) â€Å"That part of security concerned with physical measures designed to safeguard personnel, to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, installations, material and documents, and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage, and theft.† AR 190-16 What Does That Mean? Physical security is meant to counter the threat during peace and war. Threat can range from enemy forces to terrorists to civilian criminals or saboteurs. How to Practice Physical Security Limit Access Secure Equipment Guards Locks Physical Barriers Fences Buildings Access Military Installations (Armories) will have access control. Installation Specific Varies based on Threat. Conclusion Secure equipment! Remember – You signed for it, you own it.

Mexican American Journal Entry Essay

It has been 11 years since we have arrived to Los Angeles, California. I can still remember the feeling of when my father had said to us that he we would be moving to a far place to try to find better jobs for my mother and him because with the two jobs my father had and the washing and ironing of other peoples clothes my mom did was not bringing enough money to support my sisters and me and did they wanted to provide a better life for my sisters and me. Mexico was such a poor country that my parents could not see themselves make enough money to support my sisters and me, let alone see us get a better education. So my parents decide to migrate to the United States with one of my mother’s brother. We arrived in Los Angeles, California on July 16, 1931, with my Aunt Julia and Uncle Fernando. My family and I were so happy to finally arrive to the U. S. to live the â€Å"American Dream. † Soon we would find out that our dreams would come crushing down fast. After settling down, my mother decided it was time to enroll my sisters and me into school. My mother asked my Aunt Julia and Uncle Fernando what my sisters and I need to enroll into school but since my aunt and uncle did not have any children, they were unable to tell my parents the information we would need. As my mother, my sisters and I walked into the school we could notice all the â€Å"gringos† looking at us in a weird way (looking at us like we did not belong there). My mother can right away tell that there was something wrong that we would not be accepted into that school. My mom was correct, as we entered the office the school secretary told my mother that we were not welcomed there and that if she wanted to enroll us into school it needed to be in a segregated Mexican school. Walking out of the school with confusion on her face, my mother saw an elderly Mexican American woman who spoke Spanish and asked her if she knew the reason we were not accepted into the school. The woman proceeded to explain to my mother that in the past few years many Mexicans were migrating to the U. S forced by the economic and political disorder produced by the Mexican Revolution and were tempted by jobs in U. S. agribusiness and industry that many Americans feared losing their jobs to underpaid illegal immigrants. Americans could not deal with losing the jobs they had especially during this time of the Great Depression. The elderly woman proceeded to explain to my mother that Mexicans were not welcomed to California or other parts of the country, that Mexicans were discriminated against and that we only had to go to schools that were for Mexicans only, that the only language we could speak in the schools regardless if they were for Mexicans only was English. She read my mother some signs that said, â€Å"NO MEXICANS ALLOWED. † She continued to tell my mother which neighborhoods we could not enter and which we could. If we saw signs like the ones she read for us, then we should be aware that we were not wanted there. After finding an all Mexican school for my sisters and me, my parents thought the hard part was over. I would here them talking in their bed room that as long as they did not bother the â€Å"gringos† or got in there way we would not have anything to worry about but they were wrong. Shortly after being able to find jobs for themselves, I began to see my parents worried and listening to their radios all the time. They had just found out that Mexicans were being deported back to Mexico regardless of their legal status. The news stated that tens of thousands of Mexican families were arrested and sent to jail for 10 days before they were sent to Mexico by train, because of an anti-immigrant campaign that the Americans had done. Those families were not given a chance to proof if any family members were U. S citizens. Families were not given the chance to take anything with them. The news also began announcing free trains rides back to Mexico for Mexican American and Mexicans who wished to voluntarily be taken back to Mexico. I can remember seeing my mother cry because she said she did not want to return to Mexico and live in the horrible conditions we were living in before. She begged my father to do something so we did not have to return to Mexico. One day my father came home telling my mother that he had heard of migrant work camps established by the U. S. Farm Security Administration, or FSA and that they had a possibility of getting jobs there to stay in the U. S. The camps provided housing, food, and medicine for immigrant families as well as safety from any criminal elements that can take advantage of defenseless immigrants. We had the possibility of staying we were extremely happy!! Little by little more Mexicans have extended their stay as well as the places were we live at. The most popular places where Mexicans live at now are Chicago, California, and New York. We stayed in the U. S. , my sisters and I are receiving a great education and compared to Mexico, I think we are now living the American Dream!!!! Reference: Depression and the Struggle for Survival. (2005, April 20). Immigration. Retrieved August 10, 2008, from The Library of Congress. Koch, W. (2006, April 4). 1930s Deportees Await Apology. USA TODAY. Retrieved from http:www. usatoday. com.

Why do we need so many different theories in accounting Essay - 1

Why do we need so many different theories in accounting - Essay Example It is therefore essential that this information is recorded and reported in such a way that it holds value for all its users. In this paper framework for accounting profession including different accounting theories would be discussed. Furthermore, an illustration of different accounting treatment based on different accounting approaches is also made in this paper. The accounting profession is based on values and conceptual framework that has been developed over the years. This conceptual framework incorporates different well established theories and principles which determine the methodology for recognising, measuring and recording of the company’s assets and liabilities. The framework also allows logical reasoning for addressing different accounting and financial issues and provides guidelines for incorporating the information related to these issues in the financial records. This ensures that a uniform approach could be applied to different classifications of assets and liabilities and the information that has been produced and verified can be depended upon for decision making. An accounting theory defined as â€Å"a coherent set of hypothetical, conceptual and pragmatic principles forming a general frame of reference for enquiring into the nature of accounting†(Hendriksen & Breda, 1992) therefore could be suggested to provide the necessary concepts, framework, principles, procedures, rules and regulations. Another way of looking at accounting theories is that they allow predicting accountants’ behaviour and provide basis for coherent accounting treatment of assets and liabilities. There are numerous accounting theories suggesting that there is no single comprehensive of accounting. They could be categorized into three broad areas that are 1) those providing explanation of accounting practices 2) those providing forecasts or predictions of impacts of future

Linguistic and Encylopaedic Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Linguistic and Encylopaedic Information - Essay Example It has been an observation that this distinction has often been very metaphorical due to inter-relation of lexical and non-lexical knowledge, and thus one can come across different viewpoints regarding possibility of distinction of linguistic and encyclopaedic information. On one hand, few linguistics advocate invalidity of any distinction between the two types of knowledge and/or information due to globalization of language and knowledge that has resulted in increment in spread of semantics and enhanced dependence on semiotics that do not facilitate any distinction between lexical and encyclopaedic information. On the other hand, linguistics of other school of thoughts deny this argument and oppose that it is essential to distinguish both information, especially from the perspective of linguistics as it will allow an in-depth understanding of different elements of a language. In this regard, different viewpoints exist; however, this paper will now include a brief description and dis cussion regarding dictionary and its entries that will allow a general understanding of information that is provided in the dictionaries, which will later on be considered for discussion on its distinction with encyclopaedic information. ... 93) Nowadays, it has been an observation that a dictionary entry usually consists of lexical information regarding a particular word. For instance, in the above example also, dictionary entry consisted of form, syntax, and semantic information regarding the word ‘cat’. However, latest versions of dictionaries are now coming with additional information as well, such as semantic relatives and morphologies, pronunciations, as well as alternative spellings (Spencer, 2012). In this regard, one can see distinction between different types of dictionaries as well since one can come across general dictionaries, subject dictionaries, translating dictionaries, special dictionaries, etc, and thus, every dictionary differentiates from one another based on its characteristics. In some dictionaries, dictionary entry will consist of orthographic information that is not a linguistic characteristic of a word according to many linguistic experts and thus will not be present in entries of o ther dictionaries. According to few linguistic experts, various additional factors play a critical role in understanding of words in English language; they do affect meaning, and consequently utilization of the particular word. Thus, it has now become very difficult to separate worldly meaning associated with lexical word meaning since native speakers although begin with lexical understanding of the language; however, they left the former as soon as they increase the volume of their vocabulary. In this regard, although one can distinguish between lexical that is dictionary information and non-lexical that is encyclopaedic information; however, it will require selection of a particular lens and/or perspective that will enable

Business and Politics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business and Politics - Case Study Example As Lowi describes, politics makes it harder for the entire system to deal with power control since only part of the organizations are actually given actual hold of the situation. (Lowi 54) On the other hand, having the need to actually consider the political system of dealing with situations could actually be completed strategically for the better benefits of the owner and the whole staff that makes up a certain business group such as that of Smith's. Doing so could even strengthen the company's stand in dealing with the issues of differences that they are usually confronted with. In the case of Smith's Left Handed Widgets Inc. case, it could be noticed that a balanced political approach may appear to be the most useful and most effective approach to be used towards the instances when the need to be politically acquainted with becomes necessary. It is rather considered important though that the organization look at the process in a rather consuming way. Doing so would help them remember how the need of keeping things under the need of being balanced would rather keep them and their mission towards the application of such approach and how it should be kept in a balance to assure that its values and original standing to equal commercial systems remain undoubtedly unblemished by the ideas of being politically engorged in the system that they are embracing, likely one that is directly portrayed by the major ideas that suggest the existence of business as entity and not an interest group (Hart 65). Even though it is rather considered important for Smith's Left Handed Widgets Inc. to adapt to the political systems that are currently governing the commercial industry of widgets today, it is highly suggested that the company try to make mandated views as to how much they are clinging to the said approach to business; this has been strongly suggested in accordance to the description of Waitzkin regarding the fact that in business, the capitalist rule and their control and power affects those others that are under them making business politics a bit in line to those who have the resources(Waitzkin 34). Limiting the involvement of the business to the political forces that it needs to ride into at some point could help so much in protecting the thoughts and the idealisms of the whole business group as they battle the need to be competitive while striving to remain unbiased in assuring that their values remain intact besides all the possible changes that they may incur as they partly e mbrace the political culture of the business systems. c) The likelihood that this bill can be killed Even though the industry of widgets might have been getting negative considerations from certain clients who might have had different thoughts in having been able to use the said products, major changes suggested by the bill that has been

Symbolism and Metaphor in Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Symbolism and Metaphor in Poetry - Essay Example â€Å"Black granite† symbolizes the hard and unbreakable nature of the poet. In the second stanza of the poem Facing It by Yusef K. (1988), â€Å"My clouded reflection eyes me like a bird of prey† is symbolism in simile form. Here the poet symbolizes how bad and shameful he feels when he recalls the past suffering days that are not worth remembering. â€Å"Light† has been used to express hope for a good future. The poet also says â€Å"The profile of night slanted against morning†. Night here symbolizes the bad past which highly depends on a brighter future which is symbolized by morning. â€Å"I’m a window† is another instance of metaphor in the poem Facing It by Yusef K. (1988). Window is used to show that by looking at the poet, people remember the past. â€Å"Smoke†has also been used in the fourth stanza to imply faded and unclear letters. This shows that he is desperate in his options.â€Å"Red bird’swings† is used in the fifth stanza to symbolize a plane. â€Å"Black mirror† has also been used in the sixth stanza of the poem as a symbol of a reflection of the hard times in the past. From the use of symbolism and metaphor in the poem Facing It by Yusef K. (1988), different themes are clearly brought out. The theme of hope and expectation is brought out when the poet says he is â€Å"depending on the light to make a difference†. He hopes morning will come and he will make changes where he can. The theme of racism is also evident. â€Å"A white vet’s image floats† is used to symbolize that the white are highly rated to the extent of using plane than the blacks who only deal with stones as shown by â€Å"My black face fades hiding inside the black granite†. It is clear that the black are viewed as people with no abilities to do anything substantial. In conclusion, symbolism and metaphor are essential aspects of poetry as explained by Timpane J. Watts M. & San Francisco State

GIS benefiting an organization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

GIS benefiting an organization - Research Paper Example cause of the nature of the environment of their operation, firms in the private sector are less forthcoming with information regarding the technological systems they employ. This is because they fear competition from other firms. Many companies believe that sharing their technological information may lose competitive advantage that puts them in a good position of competing as compared to their competitors. This paper offers a case study of how companies have integrated GIS technology with the aim of improving their business strategies and decision-making processes. GIS is usually utilized by various industries such as real estate, marketing, transportation/logistics, insurance, and financial services. First and foremost, it is noteworthy to provide a description of the infrastructure of the GIS and how these components interact in business setting (Pick, 2008). There are four major GIS components namely: Hardware, Software, Dada, Procedure and People. Hardware is the component essential for collecting, storing, and producing geographic information such as servers, printers, personal computers among other peripheral devices. The technological transformation has helped many organizations implement GIS to help them access more information in an accurate manner. Software is the operating system utilized by organizations, imaging, data management, and other components essential for data collection and analysis. This software is usually user-friendly to ensure that many people do not have difficulty learning about how to use some specific functions. Data is simply a collection of facts stored in what is referred to as database. It can either be spatial or tabular; however, depending on the form of data, it offers different benefits to an organization. Procedures are the techniques or approaches used in GIS to manipulate or analyze spatial data in improving business decision-making processes. Lastly, people must be trained to handle software, hardware and data stored

Investigating Jefferson's Definition of 'Equality Essay

Investigating Jefferson's Definition of 'Equality - Essay Example This document later on inspired the revolutionary efforts of the Americans and promoted their views and values regarding to the concept of a new nation. Declaration of Independence also played a pivotal role in many revolutions around the world, which occurred after American revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jefferson's document is popularly regarded as being fundamental in stating the rights of citizens. Americans, even today, believe that the phrase "all men are created equal" stated in the document is their fundamental right, and the document itself is the foundation for American equality. But Declaration of Independence (O’Brien) largely addressed to the American society and depicted only the moral rights of white free men. The rights of freedom and equality remained a dream for the women, Native Americans and African Americans of the eighteenth century American society. This paper is based on the Thesis Statement that Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia and Decl aration of Independence depict his understatement of the African race.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The central theme of Jefferson's Declaration of Independence itself is against the African race that existed in America. Jefferson, as his central theme, holds that the purpose of the Government is to secure the rights of its ‘men’. ... He was raised according to the infiltrating morals and values of the patriarchal society. According to the moral beliefs of the eighteenth century, in which Jefferson was born and lived, practicing slave holding and being dependent on slaves and slave labor were not morally wrong. Jefferson, who inherited the fortune of slave holding, did not free the slaves even after declaring his thoughts on "equality and freedom†. Though Jefferson identified slavery as morally wrong and emancipated for the freedom of slaves and abolition of slavery in his Notes, he continued this practice till his death. Jefferson, by calling his slave population as ‘blacks’, exposed his thoughts against racial integration. Though Jefferson is believed to be in favor of general emancipation, he considered slaves as sub-human and "inferior to the whites in the endowments both of body and mind" (Voelker 2).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though Jefferson holds the rights of a man for freedom and equalit y, we can see contradictory remarks about African race in his Notes and Declaration. Jefferson holds that "all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" (Jefferson). In Declaration we see him decrying slavery as a "â€Å"cruel war against human nature itself,† which violated â€Å"sacred rights of life and liberty†. He called slavery an â€Å"abominable crime,† a â€Å"moral depravity,† a â€Å"hideous blot,† and a â€Å"stain† that distorted â€Å"what nature had bestowed on us of her fairest gifts" (Boyd). But in Notes he held fast to his views that they are in "memory †¦ equal to the whites; in reason much

Compare two finacial statmetns Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compare two finacial statmetns - Essay Example The BP financial statements reflect the FIFO methodology, which is first-in, first out when considering recognition of inventories. The first-in cost is represented by the cost of inventory at the start of the fiscal year and then a transfer to the cost of goods sold represent the oldest costs incurred, based on the volume of inventories sold, leaving the most recent costs of inventoried merchandise that was purchased or produced in-house. BP did not have to choose the FIFO method, they could have selected from a weighted average option, which â€Å"calculates the average cost of the items in the beginning inventory plus purchases made throughout the year† (McManus et al, 155). Under this option, the average is calculated in order to derive a cost of goods sold figure and the value associated with ending inventory at the end of the fiscal year. BP could have also chosen the LIFO method, which is last in, first out. The calculations show more recent merchandise costs as cost of goods sold after the items have been sold with the on hand inventory at the end of the year costed to the oldest costs associated with the inventories. Stakeholder-orienting reporting standards are issued by the SEC, the Securities and Exchange Commission. The purpose of filing these financial reports to the SEC are to â€Å"provide investors a full and fair disclosure of the securities being issued and the issuer’s business activities and financial position† (Marshal, McManus & Viele, 385). The basic premise of SEC guidelines ensures that the information being presented in the financial reports is congruent to the actual business activities of the organization and is an accurate representation of real-life financial status for the company. This organization acts as a monitoring agency to ensure that companies are not inflating earnings or

Value configuration of argos Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Value configuration of argos - Research Paper Example shopping very accessible to their clients with the accessibility of sets for surfing earlier to visiting the stores ,the collections are accessible as hard copies for example, the low price DVDs and CDs.This suitability of shopping with the Argos lengthens to the establishment of home distribution for mobile orders and online acquisitions at lowered prices. The clients who are registered to Argos website benefits from 5% discounts on the complete Argos variety and some monies to use in Argos and site stores obtainable on their loyalty cards. Argos deals in merchandises care to the client such as breakdown care, equipment care and replacement produce care. For easy admittance of the company’s features and produces, Argos has established beta Widget which delivers a quicker and easier access to the main features of Argos.co.uk which comprised the pursuit of their up-to-date offers, costs and the wide merchandise range. To advance rates of exchange, drive produces sales and progress their enactments, Argos linked with the Zoocha to cultivate the customer proficient design. Argos has capitalized meaningfully in digital contribution and establish new ways to influence its vast store collection in a retail atmosphere, this is due to the just launched five-year revolution plan which marks Argos as a digital front-runner in the corporate market. This has led to the improvement of Argos products purchase since clients could visit the Argos website through mobile devices and surf for products and conducts purchase .It appeals to the clients because of the endowment of 16% discount of the general purchases directed through the phones. , Argos announces a digital version of its Christmas gift guide that exploits new expertise and rich content to deliver collaborating ways of spending for its customers (www.argos.co.uk ,2014). In addition, the catalogue type of the gift controller is using augmented reality to lift arrangement stages further.Interms of expertise Argos

Frito Lay Essay Example for Free

Frito Lay Essay For many years computer scientists have developed systems which have complete intelligence. However, not all of these programs are actually intelligent although virtually all of them have inputs which correspond to senses, choices of actions according to response rules, as well as the capability of acting either as graphics or as text outputs. Majority of the artificial intelligent systems have the potential of memorizing experiences as well as the ability to learn. This paper therefore examines decision support systems and the artificial support systems in the way they were made use of in Frito Lay. The paper compares and contrasts the various types of decision support systems and artificial intelligence systems in relation to the ones which were implemented by Frito Lay. Tale of Contents Introduction 4 Decision Support Systems (DSS) 4 Types of Decision Support Systems 6 Artificial Intelligence Systems 8 Types of Artificial Intelligence 9 Conclusion 10 Reference 11 Introduction Many organizations such as Frito Lay would want to have unlimited access to more information which would help them in determining the way they operate and manage their organizations. They would like access to real time and updated information which they can use to run their organizations more effectively. This information helps them compare organizational inputs, processes as well as outcomes during a particular period of time. Still, organizations like Frito Lay need longitudinal information which permits them to anticipate their future organizational needs. The implication here is that organizations need to undertake data-driven decision making; a feat which can be achieved by the use of decision support systems (National Forum on Education Statistics, 2006, p. 9). Decision Support Systems (DSS) Organizations have realized that the only guaranteed way to get the right data within the reach of those charged with decision making is to invest in a decision support system as a solution to their needs pertaining to information management. To venture into decision support systems is likely to be more beneficial compared to the cost of such an investment (National Forum on Education Statistics, 2006, p. 9). The implication here is that purchasing a decision support system would imply heavy financial and operational commitments since it would involve hardware and software costs (Gregor Benbasat, 1999, pp. 497-530). Decision support systems are very complicated with regards to the way they manage data as well as their technology architecture. This complexity is sometimes aggravated by conflicting information from the field of technology. Still some ambiguity may result from description as well as the inability to clearly differentiate concepts which are related in a particular way like data mart and data warehouses. At times, this confusion could arise from the vendors who may not be willing to differentiate the products they are dealing in with other prevailing systems in the market. This implies that possibly there are various types of decision support systems (National Forum on Education Statistics, 2006, p. 9). One of the systems which were embraced by Michael Jordan, the new CEO who took over Frito-Lay on the brink of collapse was the state whereby control of decision making on issues like promotions and product mix were concentrated at the headquarters. This implies that the systems Frito-Lay instituted were those of tightly controlling strategy execution. The system included among others the position of accounts manager while the sales force was segmented. Still the company had a system where handheld computers (HHC) were used as an information system tool in supporting managerial decision making. In other words Frito Lay implemented a system of micromarketing (Harvard Business School, 2001). The other system which was implemented by Frito Lay involved the subdivision of domestic operations into several geographic areas known as the Frito-Lay Market Areas (FLMAs). In this system, the company developed profit and loss accounts which provided approximated costs, revenues and contribution margins before taxes for all the areas (Harvard Business School, 2001). In this regard and in the data generated by these analyses, the company embarked on a process of organization wide quality improvement in which case emphasis was laid on identifying the 10 non-performing FMLAs to be improved. The final system embraced by Frito Lay was the system building information infrastructure. In this case, the company implemented a chain of IT projects under the name Pipeline Project in support of operation process redesign within across the functional units. In line with this system, the company equally implemented a system aimed at redesigning managerial processes; the structures and decisions which directed the way the company operated (Harvard Business School, 2001). A decision support system is not merely a system capable of manipulating data and supporting decision making. For instance, an enhanced user interface which allows querying and analysis of a unit database cannot be considered a decision support system (Gregor Benbasat, 1999, pp. 497-530). Still, a spreadsheet application having advanced ‘if/then’ characteristics does also not qualify to be called a decision support system. At the same time, a database management system (DBMS) which allows a user to select and analyze information within one database for the purposes of reporting and analysis equally does not qualify to be called a decision support system for the simple reason that it does not integrate many databases (National Forum on Education Statistics, 2006, p. 9). Types of Decision Support Systems Data warehouse and data mart are the two terms which have always been confused with decision support systems. However, these terms are different although they could be similar in terms of terminology and concept. A data warehouse is a central repository where all information or a proportion of the information collected by an enterprise is collected (National Forum on Education Statistics, 2006, p. 12). What is emphasized by data warehousing is the storage of data from various sources though it does not in general concern itself with the intended user the way a decision support would. This implies that data warehousing plays the role of querying and reporting large combinations of data as opposed to querying and analyzing data. (Gregor Benbasat, 1999, pp. 497-530). In addition, the core purpose of data warehouse is to permit access to historical or transactional data in their fundamental format such as tables as opposed to distilling data into some format which allows for in-depth analysis. A data mart is more or less similar to a data warehouse in the sense that it acts as a repository for data, although such data could be limited in scope depending on the subject, function or even user group (National Forum on Education Statistics, 2006, p. 12). One component of a decision support system is data quality. In fact data can is said to be the foundation of any decision support system meaning that high quality data is useful for decision-making as seen in the case of Frito Lay. Besides the data should be valid reliable and timely (Gregor Benbasat, 1999, pp. 497-530). It is important to note that as is applicable to any data-based system, the quality of information generated by the decision support system is influenced by the quality of data which originally went into the system. Thus, probably the single most important way of ensuring that high quality managerial data is collected and maintained is to consistently apply standard terms and business guidelines all over the organization (National Forum on Education Statistics, 2006, p. 16). The other type pf decision support system is the hardware, software and the data management procedures. As seen in Frito Lay, a decision support system is not a unitary piece of technology like a database or even a network (National Forum on Education Statistics, 2006, p. 17). Instead, it is a system that incorporates and integrates disparate data sources with the intention of permitting decision-makers to have access to and store data in a way useful to them. Therefore, the technology associated with a DSS would be influenced by the preexisting technology and data architecture of the organization. Artificial Intelligence Systems As earlier stated, artificial intelligence systems in most cases have the capacity of storing experiences along with the ability of learning. Occasionally, the brain fails to do the action instantly though it makes use of the imagination it has. The brain identifies a response criterion and establishes what situation arises from the action (Gregor Benbasat, 1999, pp. 497-530). It then identifies again an action pertaining to this new situation and established the most likely outcome (Robot, 2007). Therefore it can choose not only a response criterion but also a complete plan of action. This calls for the programmer to design various functions of the intelligent system as program functions which are also known as sub programs. A robot as an example of an intelligent system operates in an interesting way. The robot senses transmit information to the brain where the brain verifies if it has concept for the information it has received (Gregor Benbasat, 1999, pp. 497-530). Otherwise, it creates a composite concept having the different sense information as partitions. What follows is the brain building up the prevailing situation from these concepts. A different domain of the brain checks in the memory to find out any response criterion for this condition before selecting the appropriate response rule and sending the action to the limbs for action (Robot, 2007). During the beginning of the ‘life’ of the robot, its memory is void of concepts and responses. However, each time the robot experiences something; it stores a new response criterion having the present situation (Gregor Benbasat, 1999, pp. 497-530). This implies that when the brain is not active, that is when it is ‘asleep’ it evaluates those response criteria while making generalizations implying that it is now equipped with response criteria which can be applied to a variety of situations. Questions have been asked pertaining to the possibility of using artificial neural nets to achieve the functioning of the brain (Robot, 2007). However, for a computer, concepts and response criterion achieves more efficiency than neural nets. Just writing a computer program which is an intelligent system and running within a computer with an output on a screen is not sufficient. It is important to build complete systems capable of acting in the natural environment of the human being. Apparently, to be of use such a program would need to have an intelligence similar in a way to that of man. This would signify the need for limbs and senses in order to enable it have same experiences and develop concepts for action similar in a way to that of man (Robot, 2007). Types of Artificial Intelligence Artificial or machine intelligence is the kind of ‘knowledge’ exhibited by any gadget manufactured by man. In most cases, it is hypothetically used to imply computers meant for general purposes though it could equally refer to scientific investigation. It could also refer to the intelligence of an artificial device (Gregor Benbasat, 1999, pp. 497-530). What need to be noted however are the various types of artificial intelligence that are available. Strong artificial intelligence is concerned with creating some kind of intelligence capable of reasoning. Reasoning in this case being the ability to evaluate and derive a conclusion a certain premise (EconomicExpert, 2009). The other is the weak artificial intelligence which is concerned with creating computer based intelligence capable of reasoning and solving problems on a limited basis. Such a device would at times operate as if it was intelligence but it wouldn’t have true intelligence (EconomicExpert, 2009). Testing such a device would require a turing test; an idea of testing the capability of a machine to undertake a conversation like man. Artificial intelligence has several fields; one of which is natural languages. Natural languages are used to draw a distinction between the languages spoken by man and the languages used in computer programming (Gregor Benbasat, 1999, pp. 497-530). Conclusion From this analysis it is evident that decision support systems are increasingly becoming important in modern day organizations such as Frito Lay. Depending on the configurations they have, decision support systems are powerful tools which organizations can embrace to address variety of questions about organizational performance, management, operations and policy-making (National Forum on Education Statistics, 2006, p. 14). For instance Frito Lay should embrace an appropriate IT infrastructure changes as a shift from the traditional management reporting procedures the company has long been undertaking. This implies that the company implemented an IT strategy aimed at delivering more focused and timely information which was informed by an improved understanding of the business processes. Reference EconomicExpert. (2009). Artificial Intelligence Retrieved January 13 2009 from http://www. economicexpert. com/a/Artificial:intelligence. htm Gregor, S. , and Benbasat, I. (1999). Explanations from intelligent systems: Theoretical foundations and implications for practice, Mis Quarterly 23 (4) pp. 497-530. Harvard Business School. (2001). Frito-Lay, Inc. : a Strategic Transition, 1987-1992 (Abridged). The McGraw-Hill Companies National Forum on Education Statistics. (2006). Forum Guide to Decision. Support Systems: A Resource for Educators. U. S. Department of Education, Washington DC: National Center for Education Statistics, pp. 1-34. Retrieved January 13, 2009 from http://nces. ed. gov/pubs2006/2006807. pdf. Robot, A. H. (2007). Artificial Intelligence Systems. New Horizons Press. Retrieved January 13, 2009 from http://www. intelligent-systems. com. ar/intsyst/artis. htm

Training, Development And MNC Performance

Training, Development And MNC Performance Abstract- Training and development is basically related with the Human resource management which is concerned with the activities of an organization aiming at betterment of the performance of an individual and groups in setting of organizations. The training and development is also well known with some of the other names which are employee development, learning and development and human resource development. When we observe the international training and development, then it encompasses basically three main types of activities which are education, training and development. Training is a type of activity which focuses upon and evaluated against the job that is currently held by an employee whereas education is the activity that focuses upon the job which may be potentially held by the employee in near future and is evaluated against these jobs. The last activity is development which mainly focuses upon the activities of an organization that employs an individual or the individual is the part of or may take part in the future and almost impossible to eliminate. The research is done on the methodology which shows us the relation between the international training and development and the performance of Multi-National Company. The process of training and development is applied on the employees to make sure that there is skilled and willful workforce present to work for an organization and in addition to that there are other four objectives which are also focused to meet the requirement which are Individual, Organizational, Functional and Societal objectives. Literature Review- A well known observer Harrison that the other names of the training and development were endlessly discussed by the chartered institute of personnel and development during the review of the professional standards in the year of 1999 or 2000. Employee development was seen as the evocative of the master slave relationship between the employee and employer which have given the names to their employees as associates or partners which they are comfortable with. If we review history then Human Resource Development was rejected by academics which was objected due to a reason that is the people were considered as resources. Eventually the CIPD decided on the process of learning and development which was either not free of problems where learning was considered as ambiguous and over general name where the field is also known by some other names. There are many conflicts which are the best part of the consequences of the career which take place between the employees and their bosses observing that there is a need of training and development which is a needed in the better performance of the Multi National companies. Research Aims and Objectives- Aim- Main aim behind performing the research on the topic is to understand the concept of the international training and development in the Multi National Companies and the performance which is affected by it. Objectives- The main objective behind the research is to find the use and benefit of international training and development which are performed by the Multi National Companies. There are many other objectives which are met from the international training and development such as individual objectives, organizational objectives, functional objectives and societal objectives. Research MethodologyÂÂ ­- There are two main type of doing research: Qualitative Quantitative In this particular research Qualitative research methodology is used. This research is based upon qualitative analysis of data. Secondary sources are used for this research. Analysis of secondary resources is included in this section. International training and development is one of the branches of the Human Resource management which is considered as the new term since 1930s. The international training and development is a sub system of the organization which ensures that the learning and behavioral change should be accepted in the structured format and the randomness should be reduced. There are two approaches towards the development of the international training and development which are Traditional Approach Modern Approach When we talk about the Traditional Approach then there was no term related to the training which was considered by the organizations applying the basic fundamentals like managers were born not made as it was running from decades. There were some views about the training that is it is too costly affair and not worth and some of an organization used to believe more on the executive pinching instead now the scenario has changed or seems to be changing. When we look at the modern approach towards the training and development then some Multinational Companies have realized about the importance of the corporate training which could immensely effect their reputation or status in the positive or negative manner. It is nowadays more considered as the retention tool instead of the cost. The training systems used in the multi-national companies are basically aimed at creating smarter workforce and yielding the best results in favor of organization. There are many objectives set by various MNCs which has principal objective of training and development division to make sure about the availability of the skilled and willing workforce to a Multi National company in addition with that there are four other objectives which are Organizations, Individual, Societal and functional objectives. Essentiality of International Training- Conventional training is basically required to cover up all the skills related to the work, techniques and knowledge and mostly sections deals with the positive approach to some sort of traditional approach of training. There are many ways to develop people or employees but the best way to make development in people is quite different from the traditional approach of training from the conventional skills training and it is the most effective way to allow personal development and learning with all that this implies. As soon as we have covered the basic work related skills training there are many other things which is described in this section which focus on the development and learning of the people as individuals which has extended the range of development apart from the traditional work and knowledge and make way for more creative work which creates opportunities like liberating, motivational and exciting for people. As we all know about the Profit which is achieved through approachable training and development of the skills of the people well with the development of the people enabling of profit take place. The Multi National Companies which approach international training and development with an aim of fostering people who have performed well and progress is seen in their progress card and should stay in the company for the long time to become perfect at what they do and also help others to become so. As we have many times used the term training for our daily purpose which is features heavily in the coming paragraphs but the term learning could be used as improved way to approach a subject as the term learning relates with the term learner whereas trainer generally belongs to the person who needs training that is trainer or the organization. When we observe the training from the realistic perspectives then corporate attitudes and expectations from the term training cannot be changed overnight a nd most of the organizations perform training so as to improve the work skills, classrooms and power point presentations. There are many other ways to develop people apart from the traditional skills of training for example (Green) Facilitating personal development Enable learning to become learner. It helps people to achieve and identify their potential Training ideas and Outline process- There is relatively simple overview present of the models, processes and tools which are found for the effective delivery or planning of the training required in the organization. Various points which are included in the above process for international training and development in the Multi National Companies are- Various training needs should be understood well and there should be some sort of training needs analysis process or DIF analysis conducted to improve the training process or the drawbacks which the company is facing could be retrieved through the analysis resulting in the improvement of those points which commonly happens in the appraisal process. This type of training analysis involves the people who identifies and agrees on the relevant aligned training and considers the values of company and ethics and spirituality at work. Some light should be thrown at the recruitment processes so that there are no point training people who are not capable of doing the job. There should be creation of training and development specifications which identifies about our training and in the development of the people which must be break down into the manageable elements and each element should be attached with standards, measures or some parameters. There are many tools which are useful in this kind of training purposes but the best tools which can be used are 360 degree process and template, training planner. The skill sets and the training needs analysis which we have learnt in the above point should be revisited which can help in organizing and training elements assessment on the large scale. There should be difference in the learning styles and personality which should be considered as peoples learning style greatly affect in the types of training which can be found to be most easiest and effective and sometimes personality types are also considered and it should be always remembered that we are dealing with the people instead of objects as they are filled with the feelings, skills and knowledge. Models like Erikson model and Johor Window is the wonderful mean to better understand this type of training and the team or their group also helps in the understanding the training needs which could be helped by the Adairs theory and Tuckman model. There should be better planning and evaluation which is to be performed that considers effectiveness of the evaluation training including before and after measurements. Various models are also included in this kind of training need such as Kirkpatrick model and that helps to structure training design. Blooms theory should also be considered that can help us to understand about what type of development we are addressing to with this theory there are other activities which should be considered which are team activities and exercises. The tips like self studying program design should be observed as they offer more opportunities than ever. Design materials, methods and deliver training are the tools which can be used to determine the needs of training and development in the company. The methods which are innovative should be considered such as business balls communities which have lots of providers and ideas. Running meetings, workshops and presentations should also be considered as an important aspect for delivery. The training providers selection template could be used on the sales training page which is adopted by the providers and services. There are many ways or methods of training and development such as Internal training courses Classroom training On the job training Skills training Behavioral training Technical training Training assignments The training is also available outside and beyond the classroom where most importantly training and learning are the topics which are indeed to look at from the trainees view where view refers to the offer is learning and developmental experience. There are various aspects which are included in the international training and development such as ethics and morality, leadership and determination and attitude and behavior in addition with the skills and knowledge. We have seen that many organizations face various challenges of developing answer findings, initiatives, self-belief and predicament solving capabilities within their people. There are certain requirements of organizations where they need self sufficient, creative, autonomous and resourceful staff at all the levels which can contribute to the overall performance of an organization. The behavior of the staff tells about the operations which they can perform at the higher strategic level which makes their company more productive and competitive in the market where peoples effort are more considered to produce bigger result. There are many types of training which we have studied in which conventional skills training provides people with the new methods and techniques which will not help in their courage, maturity and belief that are essential for the progress of the managerial capabilities which focus on developing the person instead of their skills. In the period of training there can be participative workshops which can be included in the beginning as it involves people right from the starting and focus on what they want. There could be also personal development questionnaire to set the scene and examples should be provided of alternative learning opportunities. General Training Tips- The tips which will be mentioned below is applicable to usual work related training for the transfer of necessary job and work related skills instead these tips do not apply automatically to the other forms of personal development and learning which can involve much wider development methods and experiences. During the planning of the training these are some of the points which should be kept in mind- Personal objectives Number of trainee Methodology and usage of format Time period of training Location of training Effectiveness of training Reaction or feedback of the trainees Whenever some Multi-national companies provides skills training to a trainee, they use these five step approach Prepare the trainee- they provide time to relax them as some of the employees could find learning new things stressful in the beginning. Explain the job, task- the methods, standards, necessary tools, equipments and system should be explained and discussed. Provide a demonstration- a step by step process is more complex as more and more steps could be difficult to learn so always show the correct way and accentuate the positive in addition with feedback and check understanding. The trainees should actually perform the job which would help in learning more by practical applications of the equipments and services. The progress is monitored which gives positive feedback and people should be encouraged, coach and adapt with the pace of development. These were the five steps which are provided to the trainee in their training period so as to make perfection in their actual work performed in the company. Creating charts and using them could be helpful as they are essential for complex work where we cannot measure it and it is essential to use the training tools for various purposes such as accessing, recording, planning, measuring and following up the persons training. Training Planning Factors- The guidelines which will be provided below will be dealing with the conventional work skills training and development beyond which the issues of personal development and learning will be the most noteworthy areas of the personal development which is to be focused on. There are various areas which should be included to plan the traditional training of work skills and capabilities which link the improvement of the organizational performance which needs to identify the needs, priorities and gaps in the organizational performance. It will not be possible to include so many aspects which determine the need of the training or there are various training drivers which will produce the results which is cost effective in terms of business performance which are- (rae) Surveys on customer satisfaction Financial reports and ratios. Statistics and reports on business performance Feedback on the training needs Legislative pressures Relevant qualification and certification program. Staff Assessment centre and training audits. Management feedback on the needs of the employee Competitor analysis and comparison which could be done by SWOT analysis. Strategic priorities and Director driven policy The indicators and results are picked from the chosen driver to produce the priority needs of the training as per the staff which will enable staff and management to accomplish improvements required by an organization. Development of Resources for Training- There is a need of resources to perform a fully fleshed training with all the facilities which can result in becoming independent in work and life. People who are having plenty of resources are tend to be well developed individuals, capable of teaching and leading others, enabling and assisting the change in groups and organizations, able to convey the enjoyment and advantages finding the answers. Resources help in answering questions that are considered as one of the indispensable needs of work and life. Resources are generally used for developing people or making improvement is something which could be small and realization for a single individual and if you build effective relevant resources then obviously it will become effective and more relevant. Discussion- Training is given to make sure the accessibility of both skilled and the workforce which is willing to work to an organization and this is the main objective of training and development union. Information that is shared through training is one of the most valuable tools for developing the most valuable asset which are employees. The main aim of all the training whether it is local or international is the empowerment of the employees and increment in the productivity. All the multinational companies give training to their employees for making the process more efficient also more effective and the main reason behind this is the satisfaction of the customer. For improving the overall performance of the organization is also related to the proper training of the employees of that organization. Nowadays international training is very important because it helps in maintaining the skill levels and the advance skill and knowledge given to the employees improves their performance which finally results in increasing the profitability which includes productivity and manpower. International training given to the employees by the multinational companies helps in establishing the standards for work practices. The frequent changes in the technology affects the requirements of jobs but the proper training can respond to the changes in technologies and also to the organizational restructuring. Development of the career is very important for a working person or an employee of multinational company; proper training supports the career development of the employees. For every successful employee training is very important because it fulfills all the needs of the employees which are required for their growth and development. These days the multinational companies give more emphasis on the international training of the employee rather than the local training because the international training give more ideas about the whole world and also develops the mind of the employee for facing a ll the bottlenecks that comes regularly in the path and this results in the all around performance of that employee. (Sims, 1998) Most of the multinational companies invest huge money for developing and purchasing of assets used in training and the main purpose behind this is to build and extend their capabilities. According to the survey of one of the multinational company it was found that in 2009 that company gave international training to their 3500 employees and also provided the self training courses. These companies also provides various types formal and also informal training programs for helping their employees to acquire the special skills. Formal training given to the employees by the company helps in building of their experience and also their practical knowledge in real life. Employees are given training for achieving various mission and goals of the company. Training and development gives knowledge to the employees about delivering of the quality solutions with the help of practical tools and methods. This development provides the further progress and gives various opportunities like to master a core-curriculum. This curriculum depends on certain factors and it changes with the level of the employee, deployment of growth platform and specialization but it involves the developing features like expertise of technology and industry, professional skills like leadership, management, business selling etc. These days multinational companies are also focusing on the online training for their employees. In this type of training employees of the company are trained on the computer and there is no need of going somewhere which means travelling is not required in this training by the employees. International training offers great advantage to the employers and the employees and its good effects are seen when an employee is send to an external program of training or in a seminar. This type of training increases the confidence and also the mental growth of the employees working in the multinational companies etc. Proper training and development of the training capabilities of the employees leads to increment in the advantages for organization. The employees should be made familiar with the goals, strengths and weakness of the company, environment culture etc. All these factors give a unique advantage to the employees over the trainer who has the responsibility to learn all these factors like company strengths and weaknesses, environment culture etc. The high performing multinational companies are recognizing the needs of using various practices for training and development for enhancing their competitive advantage. For every multinational company training and development is an essential tool if they want to harness and grows the potential of its employees. There is a clear link between the strategic training and development initiatives and the bottom line present in the company. The image of a multinational company and its employers are reflected by the quality and also the extent of training of staff and development. In todays business world all the multinational companies are facing the shortage of the experience and the skillful staff and because of this companies are facing the competition which includes both internal and external for quality employees. An employer who gives 100 percent with full seriousness in the field of training and development gets the entire benefits of a working environment which is enriched with the staff retention of the higher level and also the increased productivity and the performance of the employee in all fields of work. There are various key drivers of training initiatives and these three drivers are health and safety, changes in technique and the last one is the customer service. Now days multinational companies are using training and development as a gift for retaining and motivating the people and to be treated as the employer and also giving staff the skill and knowledge which is required for the technological change and services related to the customer. According to one of the survey most of the multinational companies gave support to the employees for perusing the outside educational programmers related to the work of their company. This support of the company for their employer consists of financial aid and also the time off for both study and the exam leave. The benefits of both these initiatives are very difficult to qualify but the fields like turnover of the staff and morale are main factors of the success in this field. The amount of money spend and the number of days spend on the training of the staff is very useful in getting an overview of the multinational companies which are committed to the development and the training. But the success of the multinational company is determined by the approach and the content of the initiatives of the training and by their assessment and follow up. The initiatives of the training requires the strategically alignment to the mission and goals of the company and they requires design and delivery for helping the staff for achieving their departmental and the personal goals also. The training initiatives become more targeted, measurable and effective when strategic approach is adopted for the training and development. Training delivery also requires assessment in terms of reaction, learning, change of behavior etc for the determination of the added value to the company. There are various things about training like some of the employees of the multinational companies are worried by the external training or it may also give them feeling that company is not doing fare job by sending them on the offered courses. This is the situation where the appraisal system helps greatly because training is directly linked to the job role and objectives. Most of the employees of the multinational companies welcome the opportunities for developing new skills and for gaining further qualifications. Training and development opportunities can be important factor in retaining staff only when it is offered to the staffs that are keen and interested in their progress. There are various types of trainings but the multinational company should choose that sort of training for their employees that suit both company and the employees. There are many benefits in having a training and development in multinational companies and they are: All the training and the development programmers are agreed between the employees and the company and they linked with each other for meeting the companys objective. Another benefit is that all the employees of the multinational company get equal access and equal opportunities for training and development. Because of international training and development employees can gain recognition for the knowledge and also the skills by achievement of qualifications which are vocationally relevant. The activity of training and development is evaluated for ensuring that it is meeting the identified needs. In order to help the individual to develop perfect curriculum vitae, records of the activities of training are kept. There are various methods of training and development: First is the on the job training and this training is related to the formal training on the job. Due to job over time worker becomes experienced due to the modification in the behaviors of the job at the point of acquisition of skills. Second is the orientation method which is carried out for entrants on the job for making them familiar with the overall requirements of corporate which includes various norms, ethics, values and all the rules and regulations. One method of training is apprenticeship and it is a method of training where a skilled person is understudied by the unskilled person. Another method of training and development is the demonstration and in this type of method the jobs are performed by the skilled workers and it is observed by the unskilled workers with the purpose of understanding the job. The last method of training and development is termed as the vestibule and this type of method is performed through industrial attachment for the objective of transfer of skills and technology. In this method training and development is achieved through the placement of an individual in another area of relevant work or another company. This process has effects on the individuals in acquiring the practical and the specialized skills. There is one more method of training and development that we have discussed above and that method is the formal training which includes the practical and the theoretical process of teaching. Trainings are often neglected by some of the companies because of urgency of need, time of the training, cost of the training, turnover of the employees, due to the diversification of the workers etc. But these should not be kept in mind by the companies for training and development. Training and development is very useful for many purposes but the significant importance of international training and development is the increase in sales. As training and development expands the business of the multinational company and it also provides the better customer service which in turn helps in increment of the sales of the company. Training and the development programmers helps employees a lot because these programs value employees to put some time into making them better and the best thing about training and development is that they value the thinking of the employees of the company and due to these programmers only the employees of the multinational company dont quit the companies. Training and development gives more time to the supervisor for management, standardized performance, less turnover, more customers and finally the better service. Training and development gives confidence to the workers for doing their jobs properly, reduces the tension of the workers, morale boosting, satisfaction of job to the employees and it also gives them the chance of advancing their skills, knowledge etc. For the multinational companies international training and development provides a good image which is most important for every company and which finally results in more profit for the multinational companies. After all the discussions it is concluded that training and development is very important for all the multinational companies. Conclusion- Training and Development which is also referred as learning and development are one of the most tactful aspects of our lives and work. As we observe our culture we have given more values to the training which is till now followed by various Multi-National Companies despite of attending so many years of schooling there are many amongst us who does not have knowledge about carefully designing an approach to training and development. The research of the training and developments performed shows us about various types of training which can be performed on the trainee and analysis of the development should be monitored timely so as to make decisions on the gaps coming in the performance of the trainee. (McNamara) There are explanations given on the basis of the performance of the Multi-National companies adopting some certain criteria to fulfill their needs of the training and to study the scenario which is changing day by day with the passage of time. There is a need of resources to fulfill the needs of training and development in the companies which are described above. There has been discussion performed on the training field of the multinational companies and development which can be seen in the performance of the trainee. The whole scenario describes about the benefits and the use of training which was not considered in the past.

The Sense Of Community Cohesion In Britain Sociology Essay

The Sense Of Community Cohesion In Britain Sociology Essay Socio-anthropologists hold the opinion that people think, feel and act in certain ways based on the environment in which they have grown. The environment in this context could be inferred as the community that has influence their make-up or identity. In recent times, public debates in the media by politicians, journalists, experts and other stakeholders have focused on what is or constitute being British. These debates have sharply bordered on socio-religious identities, and raised questions such as: Does religious beliefs supersede community bonding? To what extent is ones loyalty to the community in which one lives?. Other debates have been on profiling and condemnation of racially motivated violence and harassment, a hand wringing debate on institutional racism following the publication in 1999 of the Macpherson Report into the death of Stephen Lawrence (Amin, 2002). Government policies and legislatives on equal opportunity to highlight awareness of sense of community, presuppose that the very fabric of the concept of community is weakened and threatened in our contemporary Britain. Community is A body of people having common rights, privileges, or interests, or living in the same place under the same laws and regulations (http://www.brainyquote.com/words/co/community146100.html) The meaning of the word Community has changed over the years. Smith (2001)explores the theory of community in the article entitled Community and highlighted on why the attention on social capital and community may be important. the use of the term community has remained to some extent associated with the hope and the wish of reviving once more the closer, warmer, more harmonious type of bonds between people vaguely attributed to past ages (Elias 1974, quoted by Hoggett 1997: 5). People lived in groups sharing faith, religion and other social norms during pre industrialization era. Community was redefined after this when people became workers in industries. They were many studies about community in the middle of the 20th century leading a deeper analysis of the term. The free Dictionary however defines individualism as a belief in the importance of the individual and the virtue of self-reliance and personal independence. This definition  highlights on the word belief anything held as true. Thus in this context the individuals opinion is held in high esteem and supplants that of any others. Hofstede (1991) in his cultural dimensions describes individualism as pertains to societies in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family. Hofstede scaled Britain on high individualism index of 89, and that people thinks in terms of I and not We. Researchers found that Britain was the most individualistic society in the world one that valued the self over the group more than any other country.(Richard A, 2009) According to the Kwintessential website certain traits are common to countries that have high individualism. personal goals and achievement are strived for, it is acceptable to pursue individual goals at the expense of others, individualism is encouraged whether it be personality, clothes or music tastes and finally the right of the individual reign supreme; thus laws to protect choices and freedom of speech. (http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/intercultural/individualism.html) A recent report for the Childrens Society highlights the above facts. Leading experts today identify excessive individualism as the greatest threat to our children. In a landmark report on A Good Childhood, commissioned by The Childrens Society and published by Penguin, they show that childrens lives have become more difficult than in the past, and they trace this to excessive individualism. (http://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/whats_happening/media_office/latest_news/14758_news.html) Other organisations like Joseph Rowntree Foundation have express the fear over the changes that are taking place in Britain. They have classified excessive individualism as a social evil. The JRFs recent public consultation revealed a strong sense of unease about some of the changes shaping British society. This Viewpoint continues the discussion about modern social evils on the theme of inequality. Chris Creegan argues that until we can reconcile the problems of excessive individualism, consumerism and greed at the heart of contemporary society, life opportunities will continue to be lost, limited and wasted. (Creegan C, 2008) To enable all different groups to get on well in all communities, community cohesion should take place. A cohesive community is one that affords the people in the community knowledge of their rights and responsibilities. People from different backgrounds in this community should have similar opportunities. They must also trust their local institutions like the police and the courts. They should believe that the local council will offer fair services to all in the community and not for instance place all new immigrants looking for accommodation from social landlords into areas that are deprived and unwanted by the rest of the community. The community must recognize the contributions of both new arrivals and those already settled and not be intimidated by the change it brings. A typical example is the arrival of the Polish immigrants. Some people in Britain could not recognize the skills, experience and knowledge they brought to the nation but rather were fearful that they had taken jobs from the British. Also, that there are positive relationships between people of different backgrounds at school, work and home. According to Ted Cantle Community cohesion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦micro-communitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦mesh into an integrated whole. These divided communities would need to develop common goals and a shared vision (Home Office, 2001b: 70). In his recommendations, Cantle draws on the importance and the need for Social networks and social capital, social order and social control, social solidarity and reductions in wealth disparities. Worley (2005) also demonstrates how the concept of   community is vi tal to the community  cohesion, and suggests that whilst the  concept of community is highly ambiguous, it has continuing significance in New Labour policymaking.   Excessive Individualism is concerned with each one for him/herself and God for us all and therefore undermines the sense of community cohesion in Britain. People have become increasingly self-reliant. Families are not so extended anymore but reliant on one, two or the most three people. People are not in contact so much with their relatives and tend to rely on their immediate family only. Family homes are acquired to accommodate the immediate family and not the extended family. People hire child minder, nannies and do not rely so much on their relative anymore. Everyone aspires to be rich or amass wealth that will meet his and her families needs. Some researchers have even blamed the recession on individualism. From the public consultation we did last year, there was a strong sense that the decline of community has corresponded with a rise in individualism. Participants suggested that people increasingly look after their own individual or family interests without considering the needs of society or the community. (Urwin J, 2008) People are no more interested in what the community achieves but what they the individuals can achieve. Even industries encourage people to be individualist by offering DIY packages which take attention from tradesmen to the individual. Thus a sense of togetherness is non existent. If the advent of industrialization has promoted individualism, then what about information age. Computerization, in terms of games development such Wii, Playstation and Xbox 360 are all means and mediums that does not encourage people to go out and socialize in the community, rather it encourages people to engage with themselves. Online shopping has brought the benefit of purchasing items from the comfort of our homes; however, this goes a long way to kill social interaction. Most social activities are now targeted at the individual in his home. People have become lazy at forming relationships with others especially those who live in urban areas. The East end of London was once a upon a time described as dark in the night and dark in day dark in the day meaning it was not lit up by the middle classs Christianity. That has diminished in todays Britain leaving little bulbs of religion here and there making religion or faith very individualistic.And yet the old east end is often held up as the epitome of community. Peoples values vary and individual behaviour has become very personal and cant be corrected by community as before. You cant correct other peoples children without being murdered or abused. Everyone keeps themselves to themselves and its hard to get to know your neighbours. There are some very sweeping generalizations in these preceding statements they referencing or at least phrased with greater nuance. This is what happened in Oldham, Burnley and Bradford when communities lived in different areas went to different schools and had little to do with each other. Whilst the physical segregation of housing estates and inner city areas came as no surprise, the team was particularly struck by the depth of polarisation of our towns and cities. The extent to which these physical divisions were compounded by so many other aspects of our daily lives, was very evident. Separate educational arrangements, community and voluntary bodies, employment, places of worship, language, social and cultural networks, means that many communities operate on the basis of a series of parallel lives. (Independent Review Team, 2001; 9) Peoples inability to relate to others goes a long way to affect community cohesion. It creates fear, tensions and misunderstanding which is what was experienced in Bradford, Burnley and Oldham. Fears about the overwhelming and negative effect of diversity on social cohesion and national identity have been expressed by journalists and policy makers alike. For example, David Goodhart, the editor of The Prospect, targeted his February 2004 article at the detrimental impact of ethnic diversity in modern Britain on the sense of community and solidarity among citizens, and on the viability of the British welfare state (Goodhart 2004), while Trevor Philips, Chair of the Commission for Racial Equality, reiterated this argument by stressing the need for strengthening common values and core Britishness (Baldwin and Rozenberg 2004). (http://www.nuff.ox.ac.uk/Politics/papers/2005/NLetki_social%20capital%20and%20diversity_final.pdf) This paragraph is all a quote authors citing other authors. It needs some link to your argument pulling out those elements that directly bear on it. Having said all of the above, community cohesion issues are multifaceted and function differently in specific areas. There are many parts to building community cohesion, from tackling inequalities to developing peoples understanding and tolerance of others. (http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=2627) Excessive individualism is not the only factor that works against community cohesion. There are other factors like integration which needs to happen for new residents and existing residents to understand and accept one another. In the Cantle report the issue of intergration came up and the comments were as follows: The other problematic issue is that of levels of integration/segregation. Again there is a perception within the established white community that minority communities do not do enough to integrate into what they see as British culture or society, instead forming a separate community (a view which seems at odds with the observed white flight when such integration is attempted). Yet to an extent segregation will always occur through choice- whether naturally gravitating towards people who share your views or seeking minority-specific facilities such as places of worship or particular shops and services that would not be financially viable in a more dispersed community- and this is not necessarily a cause for concern. The Cantle Independant Review team notes: (Wntrmute 2003) A cohesive community must also have the ability to create opportunities to bring people together, confront myths and intolerance so that people in the community can realise their full potential. Every area is unique and will therefore face different challenges. Britain has a rich diversity in towns, cities, urban and picturesque villages. Community cohesion must be able to meet the differing needs of its residents before cohesion can be promoted. For community cohesion to function well there needs to a sense of safety. People must feel safe and welcome. There should be jobs so that establish residents do not start to blame new residents of taking their jobs. Social trends have also influenced the experience of poverty within England. For example, unemployment figures are roughly comparable with those of the 1970s, but changes in social structure (more single home owners or single parent families) mean that a greater number of homes lack a source of income. The UK is the only EU country in which households with children are more likely than households without children to include no one with a job. This is attributed to the high proportion of UK lone parents without a job. (from the Social Inclusion National Action Plan) (Wntrmute 2003) Lack of jobs in certain communities in Britain has created a gap of have and half not in communities. Priorities should be given to regenerating run down areas in the community to promote community cohesion. If run down areas are not regenerated residents will start to become bitter and it will create tensions in the community. This will also attract businesses to the area which will in turn impact on the community. The provision of affordable housing will also help promote community cohesion. Housing is recognised as a major determinant of the shape of communities (Independent Review Team, 2001; Home Office, 2001) In communities like Slough where there has been a large in flux of immigrants, there are accusations that local residents are being passed over in social housing. Also, when there is housing, communities do not break up and move away looking for housing elsewhere. In recent times, we have seen young people move away from villages because properties there are too expensive. Residents in the community should also be provided with the opportunities for training for jobs. This will boost confidence and enhance job seeking opportunities. There should be good transport links in the community. This should put the community on the map. Make people get to places quickly and conveniently. Give access to shops and amenities. There should be good environmental improvement which will enhance communities. An insert of cultural and leisure facilities should aid the promotion of a cohesive community. Cultural and community centres which promote belonging. Britain is now made up of people from different backgrounds and for them to get on well together community cohesion must happen. This will however, be difficult if excessive individualism is prevalent. Having said that, community cohesion cannot be undermined by excessive individualism alone other factors like housing, poverty, race etc are contributing factors. . .

Dell SWOT Essay -- Dell Inc Swot Analysis Case Study Computers

Dell INC Executive summary Is the dell's direct model working? Last year, the company gave up the PC market share lead to Hewlett-Packard. Dell was the only top computer company to lose worldwide PC market share. This analysis identified Dell's problems and provided strategic moves for the PC maker firm. Company Background The company was founded in 1984 by Michael Dell, now the company is one of the world's largest suppliers of personal computers and related products. It designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and services personal computers, servers, printers and other products. The company primarily operates in the Americas. It is headquartered in Round Rock, Texas and employs about 66,000 people. Dell's simple concept focus on selling personal computer systems directly to the customer in that way Dell could best understand their needs, and provide the most effective computing solutions to meet those needs. The company announced plans to begin selling through retail stores. Vision: Dell's vision is to be the most successful computer company in the world at delivering the best customer experience in markets we serve. Recommendation for the vision statement: A vision statement focuses on the on how the world would be ideal without mention the organization. In this vision Dell mention its product, I recommend a vision that would say: There will be a personal computer for each individual in the world. Justification: Dell aspire that every individual in the world owns a computer. Computers are part of everyday life in the twenty-first century. Computers have changed the way humans work and live. We live in a world where technology is rapidly increasing, and new discoveries are being made every day. Comp... ...III, the most common approaches are Market development and innovation, with these strategies Dell can broad its operations and introduced those in new segments or new customer groups. They have the necessity to invest more in innovation. More R&D, more and unique products will make the difference against the competition. References Pearce&Robinson, Strategic Management, 10e, 2007 McGraw-Hill Dell.com.2007 from: http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/corp/en/commitment?c=us&l=en&s=corp By Jeordan Legon "is The Dude Steven Done For;Wednesday, October 16, 2002 Posted: 3:50 PM EDT (1950 GMT) from: http://archives.cnn.com/2002/TECH/internet/10/16/dude.dell/ Chang, Althea "Is All well with Dell?, August 17 2007: 2:20 PM EDT.From: http://money.cnn.com/2007/08/17/markets/spotlight_dell/index.htm Holzner, Steven, How Dell Does it, McGraw-Hill, 2006

Love in The Old Maid by Sara Teasdale :: essays research papers

The poem â€Å"The Old Maid†, by Sara Teasdale, takes place on a sidewalk on Broadway. The speaker in the poem is a woman walking with who you can infer to be her fiancà ©e and she is describing a brief encounter she had with another woman in the car driving by her. The speaker describes the woman as â€Å"The woman I might grow to be,† She then notices how her hair color â€Å"†¦was as mine† and how â€Å"Her eyes were strangely like my eyes†. However, despite all these similarities the woman’s hair compared to the speaker’s was â€Å"†¦dull and drew no light†. Her eyes also did not shine like the speaker’s. The speaker assumed that the reason for the woman’s frail appearance was because she had never had the opportunity to know what it was like to be in love. In the last stanza, the speaker no longer looks upon the old maid but to her lover and knows that even though they may look similar she will never be li ke her. In order to completely grasp exactly how the old maid appears to the woman on the sidewalk and the love she feels for the man walking with her, Sara Teasdale uses personification to describe the characters in the poem. One would be, â€Å"Her soul was frozen in the dark/ Unwarmed forever by love’s flame.† Obviously, a person’s soul cannot be frozen, but the meaning is that the old maid had never felt a heated intensity between herself and someone special to her which could give her a cold outlook on life. Another time the poet uses personification is when the speaker states, â€Å"His eyes were magic to defy†. Eyes cannot be magic. By saying that his eyes were magic the reader can get the notion that when the speaker looks into the eyes of her lover she feels awed, happy, or even entranced. Sara Teasdale also uses a metaphor in her work, â€Å"Her body was a thing growing thin,† In that line the speaker is comparing the old maid’s draining b ody to something that can get thinner. The poet uses a rhyme scheme of rhyming the second with the fourth line and there are four lines in every stanza. Finally, in this narrative poem there are eight syllables per line of the poem.

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Lo Essay -- essays research papers

Louis XIV and Peter the Great   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both Louis XIV and Peter the Great were famous rulers of the late 17th- early 18th Centuries. Both took the throne at a young age and both had many strengths and weaknesses. Louis XIV had many strengths during his reign as ruler of France. Appointing Jean Baptiste Colbert as his minister of finance made some of his greatest strengths and accomplishments. One strength was that of mercantilism, which is an economic theory under which a country increases its wealth by exporting more goods than it imports. By accomplishing this, Louis XIV made himself and France very wealthy. More wealth was made when a balance of trade brought more gold and silver into France. A high tax was placed on imports and that also earned money. Soon, Fran...

Single Parents

Tony Lowery February 26, 13 1St Block Shakespearian Theatre (Globe) The Shakespearian globe was built in 1599 In Southwark on the South bank of London’s River Thames by Richard Burbage. The globe was built large, round and open aired. There was a roof around the circumference which covered the seating area, leaving the theatre looking like a doughnut from above. Old wood from â€Å"The Theatre â€Å"created by Richard Burbage was re-used to make the globe. The globe held up to 3,000 spectators and sold out and awful lot.Shake spears plays were so good at the base of the stage there was a place called â€Å"The Pit† which was on the ground. In order to get in the pit you would have to pay a penny and you stand to watch the play. Shake spear was a shareholder who owned 12. 5% of the Globe theatre. As a young writer Shakespeare bought shares in the theatre and benefited financially as his popularity grew. In order for you to identify what type of play was going on that d ay there were color coded flags used Red= History play, White=Comedy, and Black=Tragedy.Right above the main entrance you would see a banner known as the motto that read: â€Å"Totus mundus agit histrionem† –which is Latin for â€Å"The whole world is a playhouse†. When the globe 1st opened there were no actresses so all female roles were played by young boys as theatre stages were considered too risque a place for ladies. During the play Henry VIII there was a canon being used but not the correct way, and because it wasn’t used the right way it set fire to the roof and the fire quickly spread, reportedly taking less than two hours to burn down completely. After burning down in 1613 The Globe Theatre was rebuilt on the same spot in 1614.The Puritans brought an end to The Globe Theatre in 1642 with an order suppressing all stage plays. In 1644 The Globe Theatre was turned into tenement housing, ending 85 years of turbulent history. The Globe was generally considered to be a circular building, however when a small part of the theatre’s foundations were uncovered the late 1980’s it seems that the building was actually a polygon of 20  sides. In 1997 a third version and faithful reconstruction of The Globe Theatre was built as â€Å"Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre†, close to the original site in Southwark.